The Church of Humanity in England had churches in London, Newcastle and Liverpool – Special Collections has the library of the Liverpool radical, John Fraser (1836-1902), an active member of the Liverpool congregation. Calendar of Humanity SPEC Comte B2254.G68.2 The 365 th day is “The Festival of All the Dead,” held annually, and “The Festival of Holy Women,” is held in leap years. Each day in the year is dedicated to the memory of a historical person or movement. It was dated from the ‘new era’ of the French Revolution. Sixty years after the French Revolution, Auguste Comte (1798-1857), the founder of Positivism and the secular Religion of Humanity, created a new, rational calendar: with 13 months of exactly 28 days divided into 4 weeks, every month begins on Monday. The pamphlets were donated to the Library in 1938 by his daughter, Mrs Pyemont. Other material relating to the French Revolution in Special Collections – more than 200 books and about 100 pamphlets – was collected by Sir Benjamin Sands Johnson (1865-1937), a descendant of the founder of a Liverpool silk dyeing firm (1817) the firm survives today as Johnsons dry cleaners. pamph 655(3) is the closest in date to History Day 2020 – it is dated A fully digitised volume of French Revolutionary pamphlets from the Knowsley Hall collection can be found on JSTOR: SPEC Knows. A later English parody of these names, with many subsequent variants, acts as another mnemonic: Wheezy, Sneezy, Freezy Slippy, Drippy, Nippy Showery, Flowery, Bowery Hoppy, Croppy, Poppy.įrench Revolutionary pamphlets with dates from 17 – before and after the foundation of the Republicīut the new world dated by liberty was quickly overtaken by another new world, dated from the foundation of the French Republic, beginning on 22 September 1792 (1 Vend émiaire, an 1).
This radical overhaul of the calendar swept away Roman gods and emperors, and Catholic saints, brought in new nature-based names for the 12 months, and rationalised their duration: each month was strictly 30 days long, divided into three decades (the left over days, “Sansculottides”, were not assigned to a month). Printing at the time of the French Revolution was dated from the fall of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, “l’an de la liberté”. image of a bloody hand from the Terror pasted on the endpaper of a 1508 printed Book of Hours (SPEC EP.Ryl.B30) Nearly 300 years later, this volume apparently acted as a witness to the sweeping changes of the French Revolution. The 1508 printed Book of Hours belongs to the new world of the printing press, although the continuities with the manuscript tradition are more obvious than the changes. The calendar for November in a late 15th century manuscript Book of Hours and another in a Book of Hours printed in Paris in 1508 both include St Maclou, or Malo, a Welsh monk who became the first bishop of St Aleth in Brittany. Names in these calendars signify places as well as dates – the names of the local saints indicating its place of production or use, or special devotions.
The mnemonic appears in English a century later in variant forms in several works of the 1570s, including the first edition of Holinshed’s Chronicles in 1577 (SPEC Ryl.N.3.23).Ĭalendars for November in late 15th century Book of Hours: MS F.2.
#FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY CALENDAR CHART MANUAL#
With its precise to the day publication date of 25 October 1496, this edition of the Computus, or manual of Arithmetic by the astronomer Anianus is unique to Liverpool’s Special Collections. The irregularities in the calendar have long required a mnemonic to keep track of the varying lengths of the 12 months: Calendar mnemonic from Anianus, Computus 1496. Items from the 15 th century onwards in the University of Liverpool’s Special Collections show how changes to the calendar have been used to signify a desire to reform, regularise or personalise the world as represented by the Julian, and later the Gregorian calendar. This blog post explores collections in which History Day – Thursday 19th November 2020 – might have been Revolutionary Decade III, du Nonidi (9) Brumaire, An 229 (Cormier) or the Positivist Frederic 16, 232 in the Twelfth month dedicated to Modern Policy, commemorating Ximenes – or Oxenstiern in a leap year.
The French Revolutionaries of the 18th century and their 19th compatriot Auguste Comte wanted society to live not only by new rules but by a new calendar too.
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